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Imperfect Tense conjugation

Sat, 06/15/2019 - 12:08 — antardhvani

The conjugation of the Imperfect Tense is known as laN-lakAr ( लङ् लकार ) in the Ashtadhyayi ( see [1], [2], and [3] ).

Imperfect Tense: Concrete affixes for Verbs of Classes 1, 4, 6, and 10

Parasmaipada Atmanepada
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) am va ma First (I) i vahi mahi
Second (II) s tam ta Second (II) thAs ithAm dhvam
Third (III) t tAm an Third (III) ta itAm anta

Class 1 (bhvAdi)

Parasmaipada bhU (to be) Atmanepada labh (to obtain)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) abhavam abhavAva abhavAma First (I) alabhe alabhAvahi alabhAmahi
Second (II) abhavas abhavatam abhavata Second (II) alabhathAs alabhethAm alabhadhvam
Third (III) abhavat abhavatAm abhavan Third (III) alabhata alabhetAm alabhanta

Class 4 (divAdi)

Parasmaipada tuSH (to be pleased) Atmanepada yudh (to fight)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) atuSHyam atuSHyAva atuSHyAma First (I) ayudhye ayudhyAvahi ayudhyAmahi
Second (II) atuSHyas atuSHyatam atuSHyata Second (II) ayudhyathAs ayudhyethAm ayudhyadhvam
Third (III) atuSHyat atuSHyatAm atuSHyan Third (III) ayudhyata ayudhyetAm ayudhyanta

Class 6 (tudAdi)

Parasmaipada kSHip (to throw) Atmanepada kSHip (to throw)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) akSHipam akSHipAva akSHipAma First (I) akSHipe akSHipAvahi akSHipAmahi
Second (II) akSHipas akSHipatam akSHipata Second (II) akSHipathAs akSHipethAm akSHipadhvam
Third (III) akSHipat akSHipatAm akSHipan Third (III) akSHipata akSHipetAm akSHipanta

Class 10 (churAdi)

Parasmaipada chur (to steal) Atmanepada chur (to steal)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) achorayam achorayAva achorayAma First (I) achoraye achorayAvahi achorayAmahi
Second (II) achorayas achorayatam achorayata Second (II) achorayathAs achorayethAm achorayadhvam
Third (III) achorayat achorayatAm achorayan Third (III) achorayata achorayetAm achorayanta

Imperfect Tense: Concrete affixes for Verbs of Classes 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, and 9

Parasmaipada Atmanepada
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) am va ma First (I) i vahi mahi
Second (II) s tam ta Second (II) thAs AthAm dhvam
Third (III) t tAm an Third (III) ta AtAm ata

Class 2 (adAdi)

Parasmaipada duh (to milk) Atmanepada duh (to milk)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) adoham aduhva aduhma First (I) aduhi aduhvahi aduhmahi
Second (II) adhog adugdham adugdha Second (II) adhugdhAs aduhAthAm adhugdhvam
Third (III) adhog adugdhAm aduhan Third (III) adugdha aduhAtAm aduhata

Class 3 (juhotyAdi)

Parasmaipada dhA (to hold) Atmanepada dhA (to hold)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) adadhAm adadhva adadhma First (I) adadhi adadhvahi adadhmahi
Second (II) adadhAs adhattam adhatta Second (II) adhatthAs adadhAthAm adhaddhvam
Third (III) adadhAt adhattAm adadhus Third (III) adhatta adadhAtAm adadhata

Class 5 (svAdi)

Parasmaipada su (to press or squeeze) Atmanepada su (to press or squeeze)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) asunavam asunuva asunuma First (I) asunvi asunuvahi asunumahi
Second (II) asunos asunutam asunuta Second (II) asunuthAs asunvAthAm asunudhvam
Third (III) asunot asunutAm asunvan Third (III) asunuta asunvAtAm asunvata

Class 7 (rudhAdi)

Parasmaipada yuj (to join) Atmanepada yuj (to join)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) ayunajam ayuNjva ayuNjma First (I) ayuNji ayuNjvahi ayuNjmahi
Second (II) ayunak ayuNktam ayuNkta Second (II) ayuNkthAs ayuNjAthAm ayuNgdhvam
Third (III) ayunak ayuNktAm ayuNjan Third (III) ayuNkta ayuNjAtAm ayuNjata

Class 8 (tanAdi)

Parasmaipada tan (to stretch) Atmanepada tan (to stretch)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) atanavam atanuva atanuma First (I) atanvi atanuvahi atanumahi
Second (II) atanos atanutam atanuta Second (II) atanuthAs atanvAthAm atanudhvam
Third (III) atanot atanutAm atanvan Third (III) atanuta atanvAtAm atanvata

Class 9 (krayAdi)

Parasmaipada krI (to buy) Atmanepada krI (to buy)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) akrINNAm akrINNIva akrINNIma First (I) akrINNi akrINNIvahi akrINNImahi
Second (II) akrINNAs akrINNItam akrINNIta Second (II) akrINNIthAs akrINNAthAm akrINNIdhvam
Third (III) akrINNAt akrINNItAm akrINNan Third (III) akrINNIta akrINNAtAm akrINNata

References

  1. [jrb1995] Ballantyne J.. Laghu Kaumudi of Varadaraja: A Sanskrit grammar. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers:New Delhi; 1995.
  2. [wdw2003] Whitney W.. Sanskrit Grammar. Dover Publications Inc:Mineola, New York; 2003.
  3. [Kale1995] Kale M.. A Higher Sanskrit Grammar. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers; 1995.