Non-Finite

The transformation of Non-Finite verbs is fairly straightforward, and the resulting term is considered an Indeclinable in Sanskrit. An auxiliary vowel 'i' may be need to be inserted between the verb root and the affix. This is governed by the nature of the verb i.e. whether it is a 'seT' root (i.e. expects an 'i' auxiliary vowel), an 'aniT' root (does not accept an 'i' auxiliary vowel), or a 'veT' root (an optional 'i' auxiliary vowel).

Infinitive affix:

An example of an infinitive can be seen in Stanza 1.35 'I do not wish to kill these ...'.

The affix 'tum' (known as a 'तुमुन्' affix in the Ashtadhyayi) is attached to the verb root (an intervening auxiliary vowel 'i' may be required for 'seT' roots).

Examples from the Srimad Bhagavad Gita (click the link to see each stanza):

Term	Stanza from Srimad Bhagavad Gita	Partial translation
hantum (han:2:to kill)	Stanza 1.35	'I do not wish to kill these ...'
avasthAtum (ava-sthA:1:to give)	Stanza 1.30	'I am unable to stand ...'
bhoktum (bhuj:1:to enjoy/ eat/ accept)	Stanza 2.5	'... it is better to accept alms... '
nivartitum (ni-vRut:1:to turn away from)	Stanza 1.39	'... to turn away from this sin ...'

Gerund affix:

There are two affixes for gerunds in Classical Sanskrit.
An example of both forms can be seen in Stanza 1.2 'Having seen ... having approached the preceptor ...'.

When a verb does not have an 'upasarga' prefix (akin to prepositions in English), the affix 'tvA' (known as the 'क्त्वा' affix in the Ashtadhyayi) is attached to the verb root (an intervening auxiliary vowel 'i' may be required for 'seT' roots).

Examples from the Srimad Bhagavad Gita (click the link to see each stanza):

Term	Stanza from Srimad Bhagavad Gita	Partial translation
dRuSHTvA (dRush:1:to see)	Stanza 1.2	'... having seen ... '
hatvA (han:2:to kill)	Stanza 1.31	'... having killed ... '
tyaktvA (tyaj:1:to surrender/ abandon/ renounce)	Stanza 1.33	'... having renounced life and wealth ... '
viditvA (vid:2:to know/ discuss/ consider)	Stanza 2.25	'... having known/ considered this ... '

When a verb has an 'upasarga' prefix (akin to prepositions in English), the affix 'ya' (known as a 'ल्यप्' affix in the Ashtadhyayi) is attached to the verb root (an intervening auxiliary vowel 'i' may be required for 'seT' roots).

Examples from the Srimad Bhagavad Gita (click the link to see each stanza):

Term	Stanza from Srimad Bhagavad Gita	Partial translation
upasaNgamya (upa-sam-gam:1:to approach)	Stanza 1.2	'... having approached the preceptor ... '
vinadya (vi-nad:1:to sound/ blow)	Stanza 1.12	'... having sounded the conch ... '
samIkSHya (sam-IkSH:1:to see)	Stanza 1.27+28	'... having seen them... '