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Potential Mood conjugation

Sat, 06/15/2019 - 13:27 — antardhvani

The conjugation of the Potential Mood is known as vidhiliN lakAr ( विधिलिङ् लकार ) in the Ashtadhyayi ( see [1], [2], and [3] ). This Mood is also known as the 'simple optative' in some grammar texts.

Potential Mood: Concrete affixes for Verbs of Classes 1, 4, 6, and 10

Parasmaipada Atmanepada
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) Iyam Iva Ima First (I) Iya Ivahi Imahi
Second (II) Is Itam Ita Second (II) IthAs IyAthAm Idhvam
Third (III) It ItAm Iyus Third (III) Ita IyAtAm Iran

Class 1 (bhvAdi)

Parasmaipada bhU (to be) Atmanepada labh (to obtain)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) bhaveyam bhaveva bhavema First (I) labheya labhevahi labhemahi
Second (II) bhaves bhavetam bhaveta Second (II) labhethAs labheyAthAm labhedhvam
Third (III) bhavet bhavetAm bhaveyus Third (III) labheta labheyAtAm labheran

Class 4 (divAdi)

Parasmaipada tuSH (to be pleased) Atmanepada yudh (to fight)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) tuSHyeyam tuSHyeva tuSHyema First (I) yudhyeya yudhyevahi yudhyemahi
Second (II) tuSHyes tuSHyetam tuSHyeta Second (II) yudhyethAs yudhyeyAthAm yudhyedhvam
Third (III) tuSHyet tuSHyetAm tuSHyeyus Third (III) yudhyeta yudhyeyAtAm yudhyeran

Class 6 (tudAdi)

Parasmaipada kSHip (to throw) Atmanepada kSHip (to throw)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) kSHipeyam kSHipeva kSHipema First (I) kSHipeya kSHipevahi kSHipemahi
Second (II) kSHipes kSHipetam kSHipeta Second (II) kSHipethAs kSHipeyAthAm kSHipedhvam
Third (III) kSHipet kSHipetAm kSHipeyus Third (III) kSHipeta kSHipeyAtAm kSHiperan

Class 10 (churAdi)

Parasmaipada chur (to steal) Atmanepada chur (to steal)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) chorayeyam chorayeva chorayemas First (I) chorayeya chorayevahi chorayemahi
Second (II) chorayes chorayetam chorayeta Second (II) chorayethAs chorayeyAthAm chorayedhvam
Third (III) chorayet chorayetAm chorayeyus Third (III) chorayatAm chorayeyAtAm chorayeran

Potential Mood: Concrete affixes for Verbs of Classes 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, and 9

Parasmaipada Atmanepada
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) yAm yAva yAma First (I) Iya Ivahi Imahi
Second (II) yAs yAtam yAta Second (II) IthAs IyAthAm Idhvam
Third (III) yAt yAtAm yus Third (III) Ita IyAtAm Iran

Class 2 (adAdi)

Parasmaipada duh (to milk) Atmanepada duh (to milk)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) duhyAm duhyAva duhyAma First (I) duhIya duhIvahi duhImahi
Second (II) duhyAs duhyAtam duhyAta Second (II) duhIthAs duhIyAthAm duhIdhvam
Third (III) duhyAt duhyAtAm duhyus Third (III) duhIta duhIyAtAm duhIran

Class 3 (juhotyAdi)

Parasmaipada dhA (to hold) Atmanepada dhA (to hold)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) dadhyAm dadhyAva dadhyAma First (I) dadhIya dadhIvahi dadhImahi
Second (II) dadhyAs dadhyAtam dadhyAta Second (II) dadhItAs dadhIyAthAm dadhIdhvam
Third (III) dadhyAt dadhyAtAm dadhyus Third (III) dadhIta dadhIyAtAm dadhIran

Class 5 (svAdi)

Parasmaipada su (to press or squeeze) Atmanepada su (to press or squeeze)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) sunuyAm sunuyAva sunuyAma First (I) sunvIya sunvIvahi sunvImahi
Second (II) sunuyAs sunuyAtam sunuyAta Second (II) sunvIthAs sunvIyAthAm sunvIdhvam
Third (III) sunuyAt sunuyAtAm sunuyus Third (III) sunvIta sunvIyAtAm sunvIran

Class 7 (rudhAdi)

Parasmaipada yuj (to join) Atmanepada yuj (to join)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) yuNjyAm yuNjyAva yuNjyAma First (I) yuNjIya yuNjIvahi yuNjImahi
Second (II) yuNjyAs yuNjyAtam yuNjyAta Second (II) yuNjIthAs yuNjIyAthAm yuNjIdhvam
Third (III) yuNjyAt yuNjyAtAm yuNjyus Third (III) yuNjIta yuNjIyAtAm yuNjIran

Class 8 (tanAdi)

Parasmaipada tan (to stretch) Atmanepada tan (to stretch)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) tanuyAm tanuyAva tanuyAma First (I) tanvIya tanvIvahi tanvImahi
Second (II) tanuyAs tanuyAtam tanuyAta Second (II) tanvIthAs tanvIyAthAm tanvIdhvam
Third (III) tanuyAt tanuyAtAm tanuyus Third (III) tanvIta tanvIyAtAm tanvIran

Class 9 (krayAdi)

Parasmaipada krI (to buy) Atmanepada krI (to buy)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) krINNIyAm krINNIyAva krINNIyAma First (I) krINNIya krINNIvahi krINNImahi
Second (II) krINNIyAs krINNIyAtam krINNIyAta Second (II) krINNIthAs krINNIyAtham krINNIdhvam
Third (III) krINNIyAt krINNIyAtAm krINNIyus Third (III) krINNIta krINNIyAtAm krINNIran

References

  1. [jrb1995] Ballantyne J.. Laghu Kaumudi of Varadaraja: A Sanskrit grammar. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers:New Delhi; 1995.
  2. [wdw2003] Whitney W.. Sanskrit Grammar. Dover Publications Inc:Mineola, New York; 2003.
  3. [Kale1995] Kale M.. A Higher Sanskrit Grammar. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers; 1995.