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Present Tense conjugation

Sat, 06/15/2019 - 05:26 — antardhvani

The conjugation of the Present Tense is known as laT-lakAr ( लट् लकार ) in the Ashtadhyayi ( see [1], [2], and [3] ).

Present Tense: Concrete affixes for Verbs of Classes 1, 4, 6, and 10

Parasmaipada Atmanepada
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) mi vas mas First (I) i vahe mahe
Second (II) si thas tha Second (II) se ithe dhve
Third (III) ti tas anti Third (III) te ite ante

Class 1 (bhvAdi)

Parasmaipada bhU (to be) Atmanepada labh (to obtain)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) bhavAmi bhavAvas bhavAmas First (I) labhe labhAvahe labhAmahe
Second (II) bhavasi bhavathas bhavatha Second (II) labhase labhethe labhadhve
Third (III) bhavati bhavatas bhavanti Third (III) labhate labhete labhante

Class 4 (divAdi)

Parasmaipada tuSH (to be pleased) Atmanepada yudh (to fight)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) tuSHyAmi tuSHyAvas tuSHyAmas First (I) yudhye yudhyAvahe yudhyAmahe
Second (II) tuSHyasi tuSHyathas tuSHyatha Second (II) yudhyase yudhyethe yudhyadhve
Third (III) tuSHyati tuSHyatas tuSHyanti Third (III) yudhyate yudhyete yudhyante

Class 6 (tudAdi)

Parasmaipada kSHip (to throw) Atmanepada kSHip (to throw)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) kSHipAmi kSHipAvas kSHipAmas First (I) kSHipe kSHipAvahe kSHipAmahe
Second (II) kSHipasi kSHipathas kSHipatha Second (II) kSHipase kSHipethe kSHipadhve
Third (III) kSHipati kSHipatas kSHipanti Third (III) kSHipate kSHipete kSHipante

Class 10 (churAdi)

Parasmaipada chur (to steal) Atmanepada chur (to steal)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) chorayAmi chorayAvas chorayAmas First (I) choraye chorayAvahe chorayAmahe
Second (II) chorayasi chorayathas chorayatha Second (II) chorayase chorayethe chorayadhve
Third (III) chorayati chorayatas chorayanti Third (III) chorayate chorayete chorayante

Present Tense: Concrete affixes for Verbs of Classes 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, and 9

Parasmaipada Atmanepada
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) mi vas mas First (I) e vahe mahe
Second (II) si thas tha Second (II) se Athe dhve
Third (III) ti tas anti Third (III) te Ate ate

Class 2 (adAdi)

Parasmaipada duh (to milk) Atmanepada duh (to milk)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) dohmi duhvas duhmas First (I) duhe duhvahe duhmahe
Second (II) dhokSHi dugdhas dugdha Second (II) dhukSHe duhAthe dhugdhve
Third (III) dogdhi dugdhas duhanti Third (III) dugdhe duhAte duhate

NOTE: vid (to know) can optionally take Perfect terminations as per Panini sutra {3.4.83: vido laTo vA}. Hence, instead of 'vetti' (III-Singular-Parasmaipada) one finds 'veda' instead in the Srimad Bhagavad Gita Stanza 2.21.

Class 3 (juhotyAdi)

Parasmaipada dhA (to hold) Atmanepada dhA (to hold)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) dadhAmi dadhvas dadhmas First (I) dadhe dadhvahe dadhmahe
Second (II) dadhAsi dhatthas dhattha Second (II) dhatse dadhAthe dhaddhve
Third (III) dadhAti dhattas dadhati Third (III) dhatte dadhAte dadhate

Class 5 (svAdi)

Parasmaipada su (to press or squeeze) Atmanepada su (to press or squeeze)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) sunomi sunuvas sunumas First (I) sunve sunuvahe sunumahe
Second (II) sunoSHi sunuthas sunutha Second (II) sunuSHe sunvAthe sunudhve
Third (III) sunoti sunutas sunvanti Third (III) sunute sunvAte sunvate

Class 7 (rudhAdi)

Parasmaipada yuj (to join) Atmanepada yuj (to join)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) yunajmi yuNjvas yuNjmas First (I) yuNje yuNjvahe yuNjmahe
Second (II) yunakSHi yuNkthas yuNktha Second (II) yuNkSHe yuNjAthe yuNgdhve
Third (III) yunakti yuNktas yuNjanti Third (III) yuNkte yuNjAte yuNjate

Class 8 (tanAdi)

Parasmaipada tan (to stretch) Atmanepada tan (to stretch)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) tanomi tanuvas tanumas First (I) tanve tanuvahe tanumahe
Second (II) tanoSHi tanuthas tanutha Second (II) tanuSHe tanvAthe tanudhve
Third (III) tanoti tanutas tanvanti Third (III) tanute tanvAte tanvate

Class 9 (krayAdi)

Parasmaipada krI (to buy) Atmanepada krI (to buy)
Person Singular Dual Plural Singular Dual Plural
First (I) krINNAmi krINNIvas krINNImas First (I) krINNe krINNIvahe krINNImahe
Second (II) krINNAsi krINNIthas krINNItha Second (II) krINNISHe krINNAthe krINNIdhve
Third (III) krINNAti krINNItas krINNanti Third (III) krINNIte krINNAte krINNate

References

  1. [jrb1995] Ballantyne J.. Laghu Kaumudi of Varadaraja: A Sanskrit grammar. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers:New Delhi; 1995.
  2. [wdw2003] Whitney W.. Sanskrit Grammar. Dover Publications Inc:Mineola, New York; 2003.
  3. [Kale1995] Kale M.. A Higher Sanskrit Grammar. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers; 1995.