1.19

स घोषो धार्तराष्ट्राणां हृदयानि व्यदारयत्
नभश्च पृथिवीं चैव तुमुलो व्यनुनादयन्

Printed: sa ghoSHo dhArtarASHTrANNAM hRudayAni vyadArayat , nabhashcha pRuthivIM chEva tumulo vyanunAdayan .

dhArtarASHTrANNAM h ... [8.3.23] mo'nusvAraHa
vyadArayat ... [8.4.56, 8.2.39] vA'vasAne
pRuthivIM ch ... [8.3.23] mo'nusvAraHa
sa ghoSHo ... [6.1.132] etattado sulopo'koranaJsamAse hali
ghoSHo dh ... [6.1.114, 6.1.87, 1.3.2, 8.2.66] hashi cha
tumulo v ... [6.1.114, 6.1.87, 1.3.2, 8.2.66] hashi cha
nabhashcha ... [8.4.40, 8.3.34, 8.3.15, 1.3.2, 8.2.66] stoHa shchunA shchuHa
chEva ... [6.1.88, 1.1.1] vRuddhirechi
nabhaHa ch ... [8.3.15, 1.3.2, 8.2.66] kharavasAnayo visarjanIyaHa

Underlying: sas ghoSHas dhArtarASHTrANNAm hRudayAni vyadArayat , nabhas cha pRuthivIm cha eva tumulas vyanunAdayan .

COMMENTS:

• Notice how far apart the NOM-S terms are in this stanza, with intervening ACC terms and the verb term. This may either indicate that the 'vyanunAdayan' term is a part of a larger appositive structure (with an explanatory/ adjunctive role), or the elision of a verb (as seen in numerous stanzas).
• There were several alternatives open to the parser. The first alternative was to treat the stanza as having distant NOM terms in an appositive structure, with 'vyanunAdayan' as a 'shatRu'-derived-nominal ('present participle') with object complements. The second alternative was to add a second clause, inserting an elided transitive verb 'vyadArayat' (in the manner shown in Stanza 1.15). The parser chose the first alternative for this stanza.
• [MM2015] [1] adopts the first of the above alternatives, with 'vyanunAdayan' being a 'shatRu'-derived-nominal (from a causative verb that requires an object complement).
• [MM2015] assumes a 'shatRu'-based phrase structure with the ACC terms 'nabhaHa' and 'pRuthivIm' as the object complements of the NOM-S term 'vyanunAdayan' (i.e. a 'shatRu' affix for a transitive verb 'vi-anu-nad:1P:VerbPresentCausative').
• This explanation results in the reading: 'The tumultuous noise (causing-to-reverberate the sky and the earth) caused-to-quake/render-asunder the hearts of the dhRutarASHTra camp'. This is most probably the correct structure and semantics of the stanza.
• However, [MM2015] assumes that an intervening NOM-S term 'tumulaHa' (that is immediately adjacent to 'vyanunAdayan') is a part of the subject of the main clause (i.e. it 'crosses out' of the 'shatRu'-derived-nominal phrase as well as over the main verb and several ACC terms).
• The parser also followed the first alternative, and did not create an additional clause with an elided transitive verb due to the 'tight' constraints governing insertion of elided transitive verbs (it would have inserted a transitive verb 'vyadArayat', if the context had paralleled that seen in Stanza 1.15).
• The parser treats the NOM-S 'vyanunAdayan' term as a 'shatRu'-derived-nominal, derived from an intransitive verb in causative form that requires an object complement (a causative verb in Sanskrit usually requires an object). The intervening adjectival NOM-S 'tumulaHa' term between the 'shatRu'-derived-nominal 'vyanunAdyan' term and its object complement term(s) is considered a modifier of the present participle by the parser.
• The parser assumes that the NOM-S 'tumulaHa' term modifies the present participle 'shatRu'-derived-nominal phrase, and it does not 'cross out' of the phrase.
• Although the assignment of terms by the parser is as per [KAL2015] [2] (as well as [MM2015]), there is a need to consult other experts on the clause structure (as [KAL2015] does not weigh in on clause structure). [MM2015] offers a superior semantic reading of the sentence, but the underlying syntactic structure requires a more detailed explanation (i.e. especially whether the 'crossing' out of the NOM-S 'tumulaHa' term is permissible).
• A simple 'flat' structure (as shown below) does not aid in a correct semantic reading of the clause, as it omits the crucial internal structure within the clause. However, the comments marked 'Link_' in the entries explain the structure assumed by the parser. Using the links, the stanza can be read as 'The noise (tumultuous causing-to-reverberate the sky and the earth) caused-to-quake/render-asunder the hearts of the dhRutarASHTra camp'.
• One complication must be noted with reference to the coordinated phrase 'nabhaHa cha pRuthivi cha eva' i.e. 'sky and earth'. It is possible for the parser to assume that the three ACC-S terms (i.e. hearts, sky, and earth) are in coordination, which is not an unreasonable (and not necessarily invalid) structural assumption, given the presence of two coordination markers ('cha') in the stanza. It is permitted for Sanskrit coordinated phrases to be split up, allowing the possibility of the incorrect coordinated phrase 'hRudayAni nabhaHa cha pRuthivi cha eva' i.e. 'heart, sky, and earth'. This reading would result in the reading: 'The (tumultuous causing-to-reverberate) noise caused-to-quake/render-asunder the hearts of the dhRutarASHTra camp as well as the sky and the earth'. Clearly, this reading assumes some poetic licence.
• From the above discussion it must be noted that the correct syntactic structure is informed by the semantics of the sentence, and vice versa. This interaction between semantics and syntax is beyond the capabilities of a syntactic parser.

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A: saHa ghoSHaHa dhArtarASHTrANNAm hRudayAni vyadArayat nabhaHa cha pRuthivIm cha eva tumulaHa vyanunAdayan

A.1:

saHa:NOM-S:tad:Masc.:Pronoun

ghoSHaHa:NOM-S:ghoSHa:Masc.:Noun

dhArtarASHTrANNAm:GEN-P:dhArtarASHTra:Masc.:Noun

hRudayAni:ACC-P:hRudaya:Neut.:Noun

vyadArayat:III-S:vi-dRi:9:P:VerbImperfectCausative

nabhaHa:ACC-S:nabhas:Neut.:Noun

cha:Indeclinable

pRuthivIm:ACC-S:pRuthivI:Fem.:Noun:Link_gov_vyanunAdayan

cha:Indeclinable

eva:Indeclinable

tumulaHa:NOM-S:tumula:Masc.:Adj

vyanunAdayan:NOM-S:vyanunAdayat:Masc.:Noun:present_participle_shatRu_1P_vi-anu-nad_causative:Link_subj_saHa

References